The history and future development of the Erhu

 The history and future development of the erhu
Song Jiao Chinese erhu is an ancient nation unique pull-string instrument. He was very intelligent, have their own emotions; also very personal, the average person can not get him can all do with a person it was not a hand, whatever one little song, can play the so poignant, round, long ring children. simple two strings, a pair of ordinary tube children, stalks, shaft children, bow children, between the least bit, they play the sounds of life so rich! or warm quiet tension or distant, suddenly high Old Apprehension, suddenly loud proud and hh now, we went into this belongs only to the mysterious and profound Erhu world, to read his history, his culture, taste and experience the meaning of his. Of course, more important is the essence of his heritage mm!
history of the development of a
1 Erhu the History
erhu erhu, a stringed musical instrument in the class of the most popular national, but also the temperament and the most characteristic Chinese folk music instruments. Erhu of the importance of the most prominent band in China. erhu when the predecessor of the Tang and Song Qin Xi, Ji Qin and Erhu. on the erhu is the earliest record of the Song dynasty, scientist Shen Kuo in his masterpiece, ; Xi Qin Hu of fun in this hh general term for pulling the instrument.
Erhu stringed instrument used in Latin America is the most common, and most lyrical of Chinese character and charm Essayist. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, the mainly popular in the Great Wall and the river north and south, and especially in the south of the Yangtze River Basin area, erhu solo and often specifically refers to the use of a national bands, such as genre, Cantonese music in the main playing musical instruments. In the south, is much broader use of the erhu, the South's many regional operas, such as Shaoxing, Wuxi Opera, Shanghai opera, Huangmei , a musical opera, by all the erhu as the main accompaniment instrument. Therefore, the erhu, also known as Liang in the Yan, Yan Xu Jiaofang actor Ji played piano, while a string side into the wine must, Yan-qin more difficult, just end the song with a string. Ministers play horsetail violin with Han Dong, Song Sound Youzi complain Chanyu. bow shot to the Mo Yan, Yan return is not sent now. system, the barrel end of Mongolia to Wyrmhide, two sheets of metal strings (back when String), tune a stringed instrument when the string inside and outside the perfect fifth apart, usually in small print a given string of d, as the outer string of a group of a small print , the effective range of three to four octaves. to the Yuan Dynasty, ; further elaborated the principles of violin making. to the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the increasingly frequent cultural exchanges and local folk music and the rise of local opera, violin has spread north and south, becomes a folk opera, and musical accompaniment of the main musical instruments ensemble , and according to needs of different regions and styles, and gradually evolved into different types of pull-stringed Erhu
2
a humble art of the development of the traditional stage
in the long night of the feudal era, rulers the eyes of the violin is a crude instrument, your humble. Although the Dance Music cheap, convenient portability and other characteristics of musical instruments erhu erhu as representatives of civil society is widely spread in the opposite, but the long-term confined to the opera, rap, dance, religion, musical accompaniment, and participate in some small ensemble of traditional band, and some low status of folk artists the tools to make a living, therefore, the erhu and even a long period of history is seen as (outside) Erxian just made dry, Jia Erhuang total of affairs bogey, if the old broken strings or sub-string, it is big and bad luck, so they just play in the drama enacted in the prohibition shall not use the erhu. until late clear all kinds of conflicts, Zhao Ting no time to care in a timely manner, opera artist had just sounded the hands of the erhu sound, but still stay in the ensemble of the auxiliary supporting position. Even in the modern erhu master Liu Tianhua beginner when his father has kept in strict reprimanded, or even throw piano move, his wife also believe that the move is not sterile. As Liu Tianhua in The music for Hu, all despise; people today mistakenly think country music, country musicians, as the general base, are also implicated and, thus, few people will be unsolicited as discussed in a formal instrument, and it was unfortunate Huqin ; (February 1928 , folk artist Zhou Shaomei (1885m1938) began a bold innovation in playing folk music, the use of the skills for, at the time, called as a However, in the history of the art of playing the erhu, a real change of gravity in the civil status of the erhu, the creation of the modern erhu School, is the best folk musicians in China Liu Tianhua.
Jiangyin wit Liu Tianhua (1895m1932), in the history of Chinese music, he mmm erhu folk instrument is to introduce modern institutions of higher education and concert music the first person to create professional erhu is also the founder of school. Erhu Liu Tianhua on the improvement and development of arts, from performing and creating the two-pronged. Liu Tianhua in performance, first of all concentrated to the well-known genre artists Zhou Shaomei (1884m1938) learning the erhu, and often in Jiangyin temple and Buddhist monks have played together, learn from .1922 Buddhist music of erhu music of Liu Tian candidates will be taught at Peking University , in order to enhance and enrich the Erhu playing techniques, Professor Xiang Eji Tuonuo Fu violin up to 9 years of hard study and Western composition theory, and digestion and absorption into nutrients to enrich their own creativity. He drew on Western instruments playing techniques and skills, bold, scientifically defined as the erhu five to bits, and thus charge The range expansion of the erhu, enriching the expressive force, established a new artistic content. this period, he was making erhu Qin Tong, piano bar, piano-axis, Bridge, bow and other election materials and tune a stringed instrument technology, Vibrato, etc. for the innovative playing techniques were so expressive erhu has been improved significantly.
At the same time, he combined with Erhu playing techniques improvements in brewing in 1915 created the folk song (a string grid), is a deep rich cultural traditions and folk music foundation, and is very good at subtly drawing techniques of Western music composer, he has the originality of his creation, and its lively melody and smooth, simple way Conciseness, music, structured, clear moving image . through his creation and performance innovations, the erhu art to a new stage, so that a professional erhu solo instrument.
Erhu Liu Tian also include the teaching of higher music institutions, the establishment of professional erhu, preparation of textbooks and a set of first erhu Etudes, creating a new era of artistic Erhu. Zhouwan Chun was the owner of the famous musical numbers of the Chinese national musical instrument production division Mr. Zhou Rongting, (Liu Tianhua and Mr. Zhou Rongting have hand-held genre thanks to the thirties Zhou Shaomei as a teacher) under the Chiang Fung, Lu Xiutang requirements such as North-South collaboration of well-known performers of traditional piano bar and Qintong erhu has reformed to produce the Yangshan handle the first erhu (now on elbow) and Hui Wen the first erhu, Suzhou Erhu for later laid the foundation for reform. the beginning of the sixties, folk music factory in Suzhou, when he was chief of Mr. Zhou Rongting technical support for comprehensive reform of the erhu, the repeated demonstration of experts and technical staff to explore all under ten years after efforts, and finally to develop a more scientific now erhu new specifications. the erhu this had never landed your humble folk instrument into a large concert or in a variety of salon sexually explicit, and sound beautiful moving, rich and expressive, highly skilled solo instrument playing.
Liu Tianhua the initiative in the Chinese erhu music art has an unprecedented large-scale development, which laid the foundation of modern Chinese erhu music art based on the 20th century, 50 years after the Chinese Erhu music art had a profound impact development.
in the same period, the famous folk musician Hua Yanjun (1893m1950) on the merits of the Arts Development Erhu is indelible.
Hua Yanjun (Bing, 1893m1950), Wuxi, Jiangsu, mine is a Taoist temple statue. He is a genius with a versatile folk musician, will not only play the erhu, also plays pipa, three-stringed lute, flute, sheng, xiao, drums and so on. He accomplished on the erhu this ancient musical instrument to shine a new vitality. his success, thanks to folk music he has been immersed in the sea. He religious music, genre, folk songs, Spring Beach Opera, Opera Pingtan that cause and effect, small heat faint, Li Gao sugar selling music to sell to draw a wealth of nutrients, change his extensive repertoire, according to estimates, the first about as much as several hundred. As Bing frequently living in the foreign aggression, the late Qing era of political corruption, his identity has made him subject to discrimination in society, bullying, suffering from hardship, war, disaster and suffering blindness, thus tempering the determination confident, outspoken and stubborn temperament. from his masterpiece <>, we can feel his weather-beaten, wandering troubled life, revealing his hard pathos, indignation sentimental inner feelings, showing his strong unyielding courage to fight the character. Huichangdangqi music, tear-jerking; the melody only soft sounds, and funky fresh positions, it is a rare classic. Now, the first songs the world has almost become the eyes of foreigners Erhu synonymous.
early Wuxi Hua Yanjun or Taoist temple statue trail mine when children will be able to play bamboo flute, erhu, pipa, three-stringed lute, percussion and other musical instruments, their appreciation by the priests, hailed praise by peers in particular, give full play to the sound string Magnolia deep, and the empty string plucked on a lightweight techniques. Bing's traditional music are used to play violin tone asked, tying the old string and the strings, tune a stringed instrument erhu lower than the current five pure degrees, but with the now commonly used in the different HU. This violin string and wind music in the past often served as vice melody opera music playing, Bing use it to play solo, and four used the position at the time was is a great initiative. Bing on the erhu playing techniques, can be divided into three characteristics: first, bowing vigorous and effective, with rich experience. Second, the rhythm, the very rhythm of folk music, has a unique art style. Third, the use of a lot of special playing techniques --- decisive action, strong character, upright, full of angular glide, in a bit in the stretch through the fingers to expand the range to be played in the long sound of music to show the inherent the bow waves of rhythm, learn music genre practices through sound, different from the general plucked from the band, and the beat of the rich features of folk music accented shift. These performance characteristics, showed distinct style of music erhu Bing has become a modern Erhu art required subject.
the same time, Bing was a skilled composer. but he created many of the erhu, pipa is not recorded in the sheet music, but with his amazing memory preservation the strings. word of mouth, it is clear from some of his artistic career can be divided into two stages:
period (about 1928, before the 35-year-old blind) are mostly Taoist music, southern folk music such as VI 35 years of age) often playing many of his own after a long accumulation, from repeatedly pondering writing music. When people hear the song never heard of the name asked him what, he always muttered ; is blind I'm blind pull pull, (, as Bing ill and rapidly deteriorating, in addition to not pay close attention to the work of looting were recorded, resulting in many of his finest creations were lost. However, from the Bing's is a call out of class erhu Arts and Crafts master. Erhu art he made outstanding contributions to the development.
At the same time, there are bits called Accent musician, he and Liu Tianhua, known as Hua Yanjun especially the erhu, the high performance of Hu's reforms and the contribution of the most prominent. he created the achievements are not enough emphasis on the status of his history and certainly not enough.
Accent erhu artistic achievements and his youth spent time in Shanghai are inseparable. He 1901 (3 years old) father in 1932, has been living in Shanghai from Guangdong Zhongshan County. He loved music since childhood. in Shanghai 30 years, he told people to learn erhu, a good command of the genre's erhu playing skills. and in 1919 participated in the Shanghai famous .20 years and the Chinese concert musicians Yin weight of Guangdong, where Cantonese Dasha, who composed music group, in Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Guangdong and other places playing music, but also dream rock violinist Stuart cooperation on the same stage. These activities, so that Accent has accumulated a wealth of traditional folk music and Western music knowledge. On this basis, he has reformed the erhu, breaking the limitations of traditional erhu.
The first is the traditional piano bar appropriate to shorten the erhu will change the threads of the outer string erhu as steel strings, and tune a stringed instrument traditional Erhu increased four times, and the violin erxian, the same three-stringed lute tune a stringed instrument; range also extended to two, three spaces, free for the development of the sliding means, take that, shake sound and other techniques to create new instruments gaohu. The most prominent is that he will Qintong sandwiched between the legs bowed, as his legs can freely control the volume, tone changes, so high Hu flowing style of gorgeous, bright and crisp sound.
Accent tour in 1926 went to Guangdong, the use of his reform, the Guangdong high-Hu playing music, instead of the original Cantonese music play a musical instrument made primarily so that kind of Cantonese music to this music has been greatly developed. his specializes in Cantonese music creation and performance. Through constant practice of art, so that he matures in the skills and achieve the consummate state. Over the next few decades, the Accent we create the high-Hu, has been prepared in various parts of the country extensive use of national bands, greatly enriched the band of expression. This is the Accent on Art indelible contribution to the development of the erhu, which made him and Hua Yanjun, Liu Tianhua keep pace with the 20th century ; one.
20 century is the history of Chinese music is very important stage. last for several thousand years of feudal society in the collapse of the disintegration of the century, causing a cultural transformation. This period of great change in music for , art in the music of the erhu plays an essential life status.
addition, there are folk musicians Sun Wenming (1928m1968), Shaoxing, Zhejiang New China was founded, by the end of the street life playing tricks erhu , creating a <>,<< flow wave song >>,<< sent four songs to listen to >>,<<>> and many more erhu. In Sound>>, playing the flute can sound of the erhu. In some music, the Sun Wenming octave tune a stringed instrument also used the law to play the erhu one high and one low two ensemble effect. The emergence of these new techniques, enhanced ability to perform the erhu, erhu playing for the development of the arts to make a contribution.
20 century and 30 to 50 years, disciples of Liu Tian inherited and developed the art of playing the erhu. If storage division bamboo (1905m1955, Yixing, Jiangsu, playing free and easy style, delicate, pure and simple), Chen Duo (1905m1999, with a <>,<< Han River flows >>,<< miles south of Huaibei Competition>> etc.), Chiang Wind (1908m1986, simple and elegant style, fine deep, inner implication, sui generis , known as The work, published early erhu materials, trained many excellent students, for the development of playing erhu made a great contribution to the arts.
this period, is beginning to take shape art of the stage playing the erhu, which completed the erhu performance from the civil state to the professional leap to make erhu have their own work, teaching materials and performances, as to the modern erhu performance laid the foundation for the development of the arts.

three founding of the PRC into the development stage , the erhu music career has been further developed .20 Century 50's, the creative erhu track also increasing, but also further enrich the playing techniques, music, performance surface has been expanded, fast bow, new strings to bits and different methods and other new techniques are increasingly being used in the works. If < ; so that people refreshing. this time on the Erhu play a role in promoting the arts, is Zhang Shao in 1959 the Central People's Radio Station <> the broadcast and published << ; Erhu Broadcast Lectures> .1980 wave of learning the erhu, the Central People's Broadcasting Station once again invited Zhang Shao Speaker <> the audience's reaction is still very strong, once again played the erhu universal knowledge, and promote arts development role.
1963 its fourth premieres of works have come to the fore, as the erhu performance art injected fresh blood. these new works in the subject matter, style, genre and the techniques have great breakthrough. The most striking is the Kingdom of Tong premiere << Ballad of North Henan> natural jumping bow, frequently transferred highly difficult techniques being used in playing the erhu, erhu playing will greatly advance the art of a step forward. In addition, there are many works of art in the Erhu innovative, such as: < ; founded the erhu, stringed instrument playing technique nation has done a useful attempt; < ), If the first prize of Min Huifen; for playing <> new work obtained performance prize kingdom Tong; there Huanghai Huai, Rouge, Finance, Wu Suhua and others, are also winners in the race . many of them winners in the history of art Erhu have a more far-reaching impact.
Min Huifen, Shanghai National Orchestra erhu. playing tactics changing, Song of cutting, strong artistic appeal. She played << Honghu River Water >>,<< wish of the people >>,<< Newly-weds with the rural areas for the Great Wall >>,<<>> other music with meaning, emotion and moving work. recorded a large number of audio and video data, is representative of the South erhu style.
Kingdom Tung, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts Music Department, served as Head of the Central Conservatory of Music, Professor. his playing mellow sound quality, skilful Music stable, rigorous, comprehensive grasp style. the year due to good performance < Reflection of the Moon>> and won the gold disc. Kingdom of Tong creative works of more than 30 first erhu, playing dozens of recordings, publications, published many books and papers erhu and success of the reform radius of the erhu, bass radius type system and other instruments erhu, erhu played on a ground-breaking contribution to the arts, is the representative of the North erhu style.
20 century to the late 60's early 70's, due to the some constraints. but do not study and work as normal, in order to spend extra time, greatly increased the number of people learning the erhu. in the repertoire, and most of the songs and operas to Chairman Mao aria Lord, to the erhu in imitation Opera has made significant progress in terms of singing.
from the founding of the PRC to the expression, there has been greatly improved, and the emergence of a number of set creation, playing in one of the erhu music talent, basically formed a relatively complete system is now playing the erhu, the Chinese Folk Instrument Erhu become the most important musical instrument.
four mature stage
20 in the late 70 century, the erhu performance art and showing a rising trend. Liu Changfu create and play <>, Kingdom of Tong Central Broadcasting Traditional Orchestra, led by Unison team playing erhu <>,<< Prairie wheat Splash>> the form of unique, new tunes, very popular; Xu German speaking play <> and <>, Min Huifen played < the people's wish>> sound sweet, tone popular, spread throughout the river north and south, as a lot of radio repertoire.
1979, the Chan Iu Seng create and play <> in China People's Liberation Army Arts Festival in the fourth award. This is the first new music playing techniques, stage performance effect, the erhu music had a broad impact on the early .80 is Erhu a period of development of art. Cultural Revolution, simple clean and picturesque; Jiang Jianhua played <>, high-pitched euphemism, and looked both; SONG Yun play <>, also to the people left a deep impression.
this period, played with the Min Huifen < ;>,<< Great Wall Capriccio>>; Kingdom Tung, Jiang Jianhua played <>; Wang Fangliang played <> and other large pieces of one after another, into the erhu concerto era. These large works of broader themes, musical skills and a great breakthrough. especially the Concerto <> the first time using a multi-movement, big band concerto form. from the late 80s, erhu playing fast technological development. Although there are <>,<< First Erhu Concerto>> come out , but still can not meet the players on the new work requirements. Therefore, transplantation violin music, especially the formation of a wave of foreign music, including >>,<< Flight of the Bumblebee >>,<< Perpetual Motion>>. there are many musicians and orchestras around the world concert stage performances of these tracks, received a high evaluation.
With the extensive application of modern composition techniques, composers writing for a number of modern erhu works, which makes the erhu violin of more and more atonal technology, Virtuoso into the erhu playing style. the emerging generation of young erhu performer playing skills have improved by leaps and bounds, this year, and even apply for the school to the Central Conservatory of Music of the candidates, you can play <>, <> highly difficult skills repertoire. This trend has caused the traditional and the modern erhu sector, as well as inheritance and development of deep reflection.
1991, the China Central Television's first instrumental music TV teaching film Erhu Art ushered in its second hundred years. But the face of these questions, erhu Where should we go? despite difficulties, or by virtue of inertia changes, there are limitations due to the instrument itself. is not an alarmist, Guqin is one example. from the late-bloomer to Ji Kang, Qin has been the literati's favorite. Guqin is how the decline, I do not know the reason, did not read the information. However, the pronunciation, there are still a number of fly in the ointment, while the erhu, also in the structure there are still some problems. We have inherited the traditional methods and try to ... Erhu Performance